Guía de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) para el manejo de la vía aérea difícil. Parte I / Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part I

La sección de Vía Aérea de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) presentan la Guía para el manejo integral de la vía aérea difícil en el paciente adulto. Sus principios están focalizados en el factor humano, los procesos cognitivos para la toma de decisiones en situaciones críticas y la optimización en la progresión de la aplicación de estrategias para preservar una adecuada oxigenación alveolar con el objeto de mejorar la seguridad y la calidad asistencial. El documento proporciona recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia científica actual, herramientas teórico/educativas y herramientas de implementación, fundamentalmente ayudas cognitivas, aplicables al tratamiento de la vía aérea en el campo de la anestesiología, cuidados críticos, urgencias y medicina prehospitalaria. Para ello se realizó una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica según las directrices PRISMA-R y se analizó utilizando la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones se formularon de acuerdo con esta metodología. Las recomendaciones de aquellas secciones con evidencia de baja calidad se basaron en la opinión de expertos mediante consenso alcanzado a través de un cuestionario Delphi.(AU)

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.(AU)

Guía de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) para el manejo de la vía aérea difícil. Parte II / Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part II

La sección de Vía Aérea de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) presentan la Guía para el manejo integral de la vía aérea difícil en el paciente adulto. Sus principios están focalizados en el factor humano, los procesos cognitivos para la toma de decisiones en situaciones críticas y la optimización en la progresión de la aplicación de estrategias para preservar una adecuada oxigenación alveolar con el objeto de mejorar la seguridad y la calidad asistencial. El documento proporciona recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia científica actual, herramientas teórico/educativas y herramientas de implementación, fundamentalmente ayudas cognitivas, aplicables al tratamiento de la vía aérea en el campo de la anestesiología, cuidados críticos, urgencias y medicina prehospitalaria. Para ello se realizó una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica según las directrices PRISMA-R y se analizó utilizando la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones se formularon de acuerdo con esta metodología. Las recomendaciones de aquellas secciones con evidencia de baja calidad se basaron en la opinión de expertos mediante consenso alcanzado a través de un cuestionario Delphi.(AU)

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.(AU)

Should videolaryngoscopy be routinely used for airway management? An approach from different scenarios in medical practice

During the past two decades, the videolaryngoscope (VDL) has become a valuable and effective tool for the management of the airway, not just in the realm of anesthesiology, but also in other medical specialties in clinical scenarios requiring tracheal intubation. In countries such as the United States, this represents over 15 million cases in the operating room and 650,000 outside the OR. The overall accumulated incidence of difficult airway is 6.8% events in routine practice and between 0.1 and 0.3 % of failed intubations, both associated with complications such as desaturation, airway injury, hemodynamic instability and death. Notwithstanding the fact that the VDL has proven advantages such as improved visualization of the glottis, higher first attempt success rates, and a shortened learning curve, most of the time its use is limited to rescue attempts or as a secondary option. The aim of this article is to comment the advantages and limitations of the VDL vs. the direct laryngoscope in a wide range of clinical settings, including the operating room, intensive care units, emergency departments, pediatrics, obstetrics, and Covid-19 to consider its routine use.

En las últimas dos décadas, el videolaringoscopio (VDL) se ha convertido en una herramienta valiosa y eficaz para el manejo de la vía aérea no solo en el ámbito de anestesiología, sino en otras especialidades médicas durante escenarios clínicos que requieren la intubación traqueal y las cuales, en países como Estados Unidos corresponden anualmente a más de 15 millones dentro de salas de cirugía y 650.000 fuera de ella. Aproximadamente, hay una incidencia global acumulada de 6,8 % de eventos de vía aérea difícil en la práctica rutinaria y 0,1 al 0,3 % de intubaciones fallidas, ambas asociadas a complicaciones como desaturación, daño en la vía aérea, inestabilidad hemodinámica y muerte. Pese a que el VDL ha demostrado ventajas como mejoría de la visualización de la glotis, aumento de tasa de éxito al primer intento y menor curva de aprendizaje, su uso en la mayoría de las veces se ve limitado como dispositivo de rescate o de manera secundaria. El propósito de este artículo es comentar acerca de las ventajas y limitaciones del VDL vs. el laringoscopio directo en un variado número de escenarios clínicos, como salas de cirugía, unidades de cuidado intensivo, emergenciología, pediatría, obstetricia y covid-19, con el fin de considerar si su uso debiera hacerse de manera rutinaria.

Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part II.

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.

Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management.

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.

Uso de una guía de punta flexible (FlexTip) para manejar el fallo del primer intento de intubación con el videolaringoscopio C-MAC D-Blade en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: serie prospectiva de casos / Use of a flexible tip bougie (FlexTip) in the management of the first-attempt failure intubation with the C-MAC D-Blade videolaryngoscope in the intensive care unit: A prospective, case series

Describimos una serie de 11 casos en los que hemos utilizado la nueva guía de punta flexible (FlexTip) como rescate tras el fallo de un primer intento de intubación con el videolaringoscopio C-MAC D-Blade en nuestra UCI. Durante un periodo de 16 meses se recogieron datos de todas las intubaciones donde se utilizó el videolaringoscopio C-MAC D-Blade. Noventa y un pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio, donde 79 (86,8%) fueron intubados al primer intento, 11 (12,1%) necesitaron 2 intentos, y un paciente necesitó 3 intentos. Entre los 12 pacientes que necesitaron más de un intento de intubación, en un paciente se utilizó una guía «Frova», y en el resto, la nueva guía de punta flexible (FlexTip). En la presente investigación observamos que la nueva guía de punta flexible (FlexTip) puede ser una buena opción para aquellos casos en los que con un videolaringoscopio no somos capaces de intubar en el primer intento.(AU)

We describe a series of 11 cases in which we used the new flexible tip (FlexTip) bougie as a rescue device following first-attempt failure at intubation with the C-MAC D-Blade video laryngoscope in our UCI. We collected data from all intubations performed using the C-MAC D-Blade video laryngoscope over a 16-month period. Ninety six patients were included in the study: 79 (86.8%) were intubated at the first attempt; 11 (12.1%) required 2 attempts; and one patient required 3 attempts. The Frova Intubating Introducer was used in one of the 12 patients requiring more than one intubation attempt, and the FlexTip was used in the remaining 11. This study shows that the new FlexTip bougie is a good rescue device when the first attempt at video laryngoscope intubation fails.(AU)

Use of a flexible tip bougie (FlexTip) in the management of the first-attempt failure intubation with the C-MAC D-Blade videolaryngoscope in the intensive care unit: A prospective, case series.

We describe a series of 11 cases in which we used the new flexible tip (FlexTip) bougie as a rescue device following first-attempt failure at intubation with the C-MAC D-Blade video laryngoscope in our UCI. We collected data from all intubations performed using the C-MAC D-Blade video laryngoscope over a 16-month period. Ninety six patients were included in the study: 79 (86.8%) were intubated at the first attempt; 11 (12.1%) required 2 attempts; and 1 patient required 3 attempts. The Frova Intubating Introducer was used in 1 of the 12 patients requiring more than 1 intubation attempt, and the FlexTip was used in the remaining 11. This study shows that the new FlexTip bougie is a good rescue device when the first attempt at video laryngoscope intubation fails.

Angioedema postoperatorio de inicio tardío, desencadenado por un inhibidor de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina: previsión de vía aérea de emergencia / Late-onset postoperative angioedema triggered by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor: an emergent airway forethought

El angioedema es una situación potencialmente mortal, debido al riesgo de compromiso de la vía aérea que da lugar a un deterioro de la función respiratoria, hipoxia y, por último, paro cardiopulmonar. Puede ser provocado o desencadenado por agentes farmacéuticos, factores emocionales o fisiológicos, traumatismo de la vía aérea superior, o estrés quirúrgico.Un varón de 46 años de edad, a quien se había prescrito previamente perindopril, desarrolló angioedema de lengua 4h después de recibir el alta de la UCPA (unidad de cuidados postanestésicos). Se convocó a un equipo multidisciplinar, que destacó una estrategia de manejo de la vía aérea en caso de empeoramiento. Dicha estrategia consistió en intubación con fibroscopio por parte del anestesiólogo, o bien traqueostomía quirúrgica practicada por el equipo de cirugía, realizándose ambas técnicas con el paciente despierto y ventilación espontánea.El objetivo de este informe de caso es alertar de que el angioedema es una situación potencialmente mortal. Para un manejo óptimo, es importante preparar de antemano una estrategia detallada de manejo de la vía aérea, a implementar por parte de un equipo multidisciplinar. (AU)

Angioedema is a potentially life-threatening condition due to the risk of airway compromise leading to deterioration of respiratory function, hypoxia, and ultimately, cardiopulmonary arrest. It can be either unprovoked or triggered by pharmaceutical agents, emotional or physiologic factors, upper airway trauma, or surgical stress.A 46-year-old man previously prescribed perindopril developed angioedema of the tongue 4h after being discharged from the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU). A multidisciplinary team was called and they outlined an airway management strategy to use in the event of worsening. The strategy consisted of either fiberoptic intubation by an anesthesiologist or surgical tracheostomy performed by the surgical team, both performed with the patient awake and in spontaneous ventilation.The aim of this case report is to raise awareness that angioedema is a potentially life-threatening condition. For optimal management, it is important to prepare in advance a detailed airway management strategy to be implemented by a multidisciplinary team. (AU)

Late-onset postoperative angioedema triggered by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor: An emergent airway forethought.

Angioedema is a potentially life-threatening condition due to the risk of airway compromise leading to deterioration of respiratory function, hypoxia, and ultimately, cardiopulmonary arrest. It can be either unprovoked or triggered by pharmaceutical agents, emotional or physiologic factors, upper airway trauma, or surgical stress. A 46-year-old man previously prescribed perindopril developed angioedema of the tongue 4 h after being discharged from the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU). A multidisciplinary team was called and they outlined an airway management strategy to use in the event of worsening. The strategy consisted of either fiberoptic intubation by an anesthesiologist or surgical tracheostomy performed by the surgical team, both performed with the patient awake and in spontaneous ventilation. The aim of this case report is to raise awareness that angioedema is a potentially life-threatening condition. For optimal management, it is important to prepare in advance a detailed airway management strategy to be implemented by a multidisciplinary team.

Uso perioperatorio de la ecografía de la vía aérea en un paciente con infección profunda del cuello. Reporte de caso / Perioperative use of airway ultrasound in a patient with a deep neck infection. Case Report

Introducción: las infecciones profundas del cuello son patologías complejas con gran potencial de complicaciones graves, que, debido a su ubicación pueden ser de difícil reconocimiento y manejo. Es de gran importancia realizar un diagnóstico asertivo y ofrecer el tratamiento adecuado para poder disminuir las complicaciones que se pudieran presentar. La ecografía es una ayuda diagnóstica cada vez más utilizada que nos puede ayudar a guiar nuestras conductas de manera rápida y efectiva. Caso clínico: presentamos un caso de un paciente con un absceso en cuello, en el que la utilización de la ecografía de manera intraoperatoria facilitó la toma de decisiones y evitó procedimientos invasivos innecesarios. Conclusiones: el Point of Care Ultrasound (PoCUS) es una forma rápida y práctica de resolver preguntas y facilitar la toma de decisiones objetivas en el entorno perioperatorio.

Introduction: Deep neck infections are a complex group of pathologies with great potential for serious complications due to their location. Therefore, recognition and management can be a challenge. To reduce the risk of complications it is extremely important to have an assertive diagnosis y and offer the proper treatment. An ultrasound is a diagnosis tool that is being used more often because it can help us guide our medical decisions in a quick and effective way. Clinical case: We present a case of a patient who had an intraoperative ultrasound which helped in the decision making and avoided any further invasive procedures. Conclusions: The Point of Care Ultrasound (PoCUS) is a quick and practical way to solve questions and facilitate objective decisions in the perioperative environment.

Airways management in SARS-COV-2 acute respiratory failure: A prospective observational multi-center study / Manejo de las vías respiratorias en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda SARS-COV-2: un estudio observacional prospectivo multicéntrico

Objective Few studies have reported the implications and adverse events of performing endotracheal intubation for critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units. The aim of the present study was to determine the adverse events related to tracheal intubation in COVID-19 patients, defined as the onset of hemodynamic instability, severe hypoxemia, and cardiac arrest. Setting Tertiary care medical hospitals, dual-centre study performed in Northern Italy from November 2020 to May 2021. Patients Adult patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test, admitted for respiratory failure and need of advanced invasive airways management. Interventions Endotracheal Intubation Adverse Events. Main variables of interests The primary endpoint was to determine the occurrence of at least 1 of the following events within 30 minutes from the start of the intubation procedure and to describe the types of major adverse peri-intubation events: severe hypoxemia defined as an oxygen saturation as measured by pulse-oximetry <80%; hemodynamic instability defined as a SBP 65 mmHg recoded at least once or SBP < 90 mmHg for 30 minutes, a new requirement or increase of vasopressors, fluid bolus >15 mL/kg to maintain the target blood pressure; cardiac arrest. Results Among 142 patients, 73.94% experienced at least one major adverse peri-intubation event. The predominant event was cardiovascular instability, observed in 65.49% of all patients undergoing emergency intubation, followed by severe hypoxemia (43.54%). 2.82% of the patients had a cardiac arrest. Conclusion In this study of intubation practices in critically ill patients with COVID-19, major adverse peri-intubation events were frequent (AU)

Objetivo Pocos estudios han informado las implicaciones y los eventos adversos de realizar una intubación endotraqueal para pacientes críticos con COVID-19 ingresados ​​en unidades de cuidados intensivos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los eventos adversos relacionados con la intubación traqueal en pacientes con COVID-19, definidos como la aparición de inestabilidad hemodinámica, hipoxemia severa y paro cardíaco. Ámbito Hospitales médicos de atención terciaria, estudio de doble centro realizado en el norte de Italia desde noviembre de 2020 hasta mayo de 2021. Pacientes Pacientes adultos con prueba PCR SARS-CoV-2 positiva, ingresados por insuficiencia respiratoria y necesidad de manejo avanzado de vías aéreas invasivas. Intervenciones Eventos adversos de la intubación endotraqueal. Principales variables de interés El punto final primario fue determinar la ocurrencia de al menos 1 de los siguientes eventos dentro de los 30 minutos posteriores al inicio del procedimiento de intubación y describir los tipos de eventos adversos periintubación mayores. : hipoxemia severa definida como una saturación de oxígeno medida por pulsioximetría <80%; inestabilidad hemodinámica definida como PAS 65 mmHg registrada al menos una vez o PAS < 90 mmHg durante 30 minutos, nuevo requerimiento o aumento de vasopresores, bolo de líquidos > 15 mL/kg para mantener la presión arterial objetivo; paro cardiaco. Resultados Entre 142 pacientes, el 73,94% experimentó al menos un evento periintubación adverso importante. El evento predominante fue la inestabilidad cardiovascular, observada en el 65,49% de todos los pacientes sometidos a intubación de urgencia, seguido de la hipoxemia severa (43,54%). El 2,82% de los pacientes tuvo un paro cardíaco. Conclusión En este estudio de prácticas de intubación en pacientes críticos con COVID-19, los eventos adversos periintubación mayores fueron frecuentes (AU)

Airways management in SARS-COV-2 acute respiratory failure: A prospective observational multi-center study.

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have reported the implications and adverse events of performing endotracheal intubation for critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units. The aim of the present study was to determine the adverse events related to tracheal intubation in COVID-19 patients, defined as the onset of hemodynamic instability, severe hypoxemia, and cardiac arrest. SETTING: Tertiary care medical hospitals, dual-centre study performed in Northern Italy from November 2020 to May 2021. PATIENTS: Adult patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test, admitted for respiratory failure and need of advanced invasive airways management. INTERVENTIONS: Endotracheal Intubation Adverse Events. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTERESTS: The primary endpoint was to determine the occurrence of at least 1 of the following events within 30 minutes from the start of the intubation procedure and to describe the types of major adverse peri-intubation events: severe hypoxemia defined as an oxygen saturation as measured by pulse-oximetry <80%; hemodynamic instability defined as a SBP 65 mmHg recoded at least once or SBP < 90 mmHg for 30 minutes, a new requirement or increase of vasopressors, fluid bolus >15 mL/kg to maintain the target blood pressure; cardiac arrest. RESULTS: Among 142 patients, 73.94% experienced at least one major adverse peri-intubation event. The predominant event was cardiovascular instability, observed in 65.49% of all patients undergoing emergency intubation, followed by severe hypoxemia (43.54%). 2.82% of the patients had a cardiac arrest. CONCLUSION: In this study of intubation practices in critically ill patients with COVID-19, major adverse peri-intubation events were frequent. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov identifier: NCT04909476.

La videolaringoscopia es una alternativa segura en el paciente despierto con vía aérea difícil anticipada. Reporte de Caso / Videolaryngoscopy is a Safe Alternative in Awake Patients with Anticipated Difficult Airway. Case Report / A videolaringoscopia é uma alternativa segura no paciente acordado com via aérea difícil antecipada. Relato de caso

Introducción. El manejo de la vía aérea difícil anticipada es un reto anestésico que supone la valoración preoperatoria de las características anatómicas y los factores de riesgo específicos del paciente. La intubación difícil se presenta en 1.6 de 1,000 eventos y la intubación fallida en 0.06 de 1,000 eventos. El objetivo de este reporte es mostrar la importancia del uso de dispositivos (específicamente videolaringoscopio) en pacientes con predicción de vía aérea difícil. Presentación del caso. Hombre de 63 años con gran masa facial con extensión a nariz, labio superior, erosión a nivel del maxilar superior que ocupaba cavidad oral, con predictores de ventilación e intubación difícil, programado para rinectomía, osteotomía Lefort II, reconstrucción y traqueostomía, con intubación exitosa con videolaringoscopio en primer intento bajo sedación consciente y ventilación espontánea. Discusión. La vía aérea difícil es un escenario relacionado a factores externos e internos del paciente y a complicaciones pre e intraoperatorias. El videolaringoscopio es una herramienta útil que permite la intubación exitosa y disminuye los posibles eventos adversos (como se observó en el paciente del caso presentado) y es descrito en diferentes reportes de casos con compromiso parcial o total de la vía aérea. Conclusión. La videolaringoscopia, en casos de vía aérea difícil anticipada, está asociada con un menor tiempo de intubación, un buen perfil de seguridad y una alta tasa de éxito, comparable a la del fibrobroncoscopio, se logra la intubación en el primer intento en la mayoría de las veces y, por ello, debería considerarse como primera opción.

Introduction. Management of an anticipated difficult airway is an anesthetic challenge that involves preoperative assessment of the patient's specific anatomic characteristics and risk factors. Difficult intubation occurs in 1.6 of 1,000 events and failed intubation in 0.06 of 1,000 events. The objective of this report is to show the importance of the use of devices (specifically videolaryngoscope) in patients with predicted difficult airway. Case Presentation. 63-year-old man with large facial mass with extensión to the nose, upper lip, erosion at the level of the upper jaw occupying the oral cavity, with predictors of ventilation and difficult intubation, scheduled for rhinectomy, Lefort II osteotomy, reconstruction and tracheostomy, with successful intubation with videolaryngoscope on the first attempt under conscious sedation and spontaneous ventilation. Discussion. Difficult airway is a scenario related to external and internal patient factors and to pre- and intraoperative complications. The videolaryngoscope is a useful tool that allows successful intubation and decreases possible adverse events (as observed in the patient of the case presented) and is described in different reports of cases with partial or total airway compromise. Conclusion. Videolaryngoscopy, in cases of anticipated difficult airway, is associated with a shorter intubation time, a good safety profile and a high success rate, comparable to that of fibrobronchoscopy, intubation is achieved on the first attempt in most cases and should therefore be considered as a first choice.

Introdução. O manejo da via aérea difícil antecipada é um desafio anestésico que envolve a avaliação pré-operatória das características anatômicas e dos fatores de risco específicos do paciente. A intubação difícil ocorre em 1.6 de 1,000 eventos e a intubação falha em 0.06 de 1,000 eventos. O objetivo deste relato é mostrar a importância do uso de dispositivos (especificamente videolaringoscópio) em pacientes com previsão de via aérea difícil. Apresentação do caso. Homem de 63 anos com grande massa facial estendendo-se ao nariz, lábio superior e erosão ao nível do maxilar superior que ocupava a cavidade oral, com preditores de ventilação e intubação difícil, programado para rinectomia, osteotomia Lefort II, reconstrução e traqueostomia, com intubação bem-sucedida, com videolaringoscópio na primeira tentativa sob sedação consciente e ventilação espontânea. Discussão. A via aérea difícil é um cenário relacionado a fatores externos e internos do paciente e a complicações pré e intraoperatórias. O videolaringoscópio é uma ferramenta útil que permite o sucesso da intubação e reduz possíveis eventos adversos (como observado no paciente do caso apresentado) e está descrito em diversos relatos de casos com comprometimento parcial ou total da via aérea. Conclusão. A videolaringoscopia, em casos de via aérea difícil antecipada, está associada a um menor tempo de intubação, um bom perfil de segurança e uma alta taxa de sucesso, comparável à fibrobroncoscopia, a intubação é realizada na primeira tentativa na maioria dos casos e, portanto, deve ser considerada como a primeira opção.

Manejo de vía aérea difícil en intubación de emergencia, revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Difficult airway management in emergency intubation, systematic review and meta-analysis

Introducción: la vía aérea difícil es aquella situación clínica en la cual un anestesiólogo entrenado convencionalmente experimenta dificultad en la aplicación de ventilación con mascarilla facial, en la intubación endotraqueal o ambas, es de vital importancia su identificación, puesto que su manejo adecuado marcará la diferencia en el desenlace de los pacientes que requieren intubación, en especial los recibidos en urgencias. Objetivo: revisar de manera sistemática el estado actual del conocimiento y evidencia clínica relacionada al manejo de la vía aérea difícil en in- tubación de emergencia. Material y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática en PubMed, Cochrane, EBSCO y OVID; se emplearon los términos manejo de vía aérea difícil e intubación de emergencia. Resul- tados: la búsqueda arrojó 356 resultados, se excluyeron los estudios de revisión sistemática, metaanálisis, artículos basados en opiniones, infor- mes de casos, cartas al editor; 128 artículos fueron analizados; además, se buscó analizar artículos de distinta área de la investigación médica; se seleccionaron 21 artículos para ser analizados en esta revisión sistemática. Conclusiones: inesperadamente los artículos revisados concluyen, en su gran mayoría, que independientemente del protocolo de intubación, el aspecto que juega un rol determinante en el manejo de la vía aérea difícil es la experiencia y preparación previa del médico anestesiólogo (AU)

Introduction: difficult airway is that clinical situation in which a conventionally trained anesthesiologist experiences difficulty in ventilation with a face mask, in endotracheal intubation or both. In this review article we will focus on emergency intubation. Objective: to systematically review the current state of knowledge and clinical evidence related to the management of difficult airways in emergency intubation. Material and methods: a systematic review was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane data base, EBSCO and OVID; the terms: difficult airway management and emergency intubation; only clinical trials and scientific research reports were analyzed. Results: the search yielded 356 results, of which systematic review studies, meta-analysis, opinion-based articles, case reports, letters to the editor were excluded; which gave us 128 articles, after they were analyzed; it was also sought to analyze articles from different areas of medical research; 21 articles were selected to be analyzed in this systematic review. Conclusions: unexpectedly, the majority of the reviewed articles conclude that regardless of the intubation protocol or the tools used, the aspect that plays a decisive role in the management of the difficult airway is the experience and previous preparation of the anesthesiologist (AU))

O volume mínimo de oclusão é um método seguro e eficaz para o ajuste da pressão do cuff em pacientes ventilados mecanicamente / El volumen de oclusión mínimo es una técnica segura y eficaz para ajustar la presión del manguito en pacientes con ventilación mecánica / Minimal occlusive volume is a safe and effective method for adjusting cuff pressure in mechanically ventilated patients

RESUMO A pressão do cuff (Pcuff) ideal deve ser capaz de prevenir a microaspiração de secreções orofaríngeas por escapes aéreos e evitar lesão da mucosa traqueal. Normalmente, realiza-se a monitorização por meio de manômetro, buscando manter a Pcuff entre 20 e 30cmH2O. O método do volume mínimo de oclusão (VMO) consiste em insuflar minimamente o balonete, utilizando uma seringa, para que não ocorram vazamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade do método do VMO de individualizar o ajuste da Pcuff em pacientes ventilados mecanicamente. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, prospectivo, com 25 pacientes adultos, com tempo de ventilação mecânica (VM) superior a 48 horas. A Pcuff foi medida em dois momentos: inicial e por VMO. A prevalência de Pcuff fora dos limites de normalidade foi de 76%. Ocorreu vazamento na medida inicial em nove pacientes, sendo que, para quatro, a medida estava dentro dos valores de referência. Os outros cinco apresentaram Pcuff<20cmH2O. No ajuste pelo método VMO, todos os pacientes apresentaram Pcuff no limite de normalidade. Os pacientes sem vazamento com Pcuff>30cmH2O tiveram redução quando ajustados pelo VMO (45,4±9,6 vs 28,5±1,6cmH2O; p<0,001). Podemos concluir que o método do VMO foi capaz de individualizar a Pcuff dentro dos valores de referência em todos os pacientes.

RESUMEN La presión del manguito (Pmanguito) ideal debería ser capaz de prevenir la microaspiración de secreciones orofaríngeas por el escape de aire y evitar daños en la mucosa traqueal. En general, la monitorización se da a través de un manómetro al buscar mantener la Pmanguito entre 20 y 30 cmH2O. La técnica de volumen de oclusión mínimo (VOM) consiste en inflar al mínimo el manguito, utilizando una jeringa, para que no escape el aire. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad de la técnica de VOM para individualizar el ajuste de la Pmanguito en pacientes con ventilación mecánica. Se trata de un estudio transversal, prospectivo, realizado con 25 pacientes adultos, con tiempo de ventilación mecánica (VM) superior a 48 horas. La Pmanguito se dio en dos momentos: inicial y por VMO. La prevalencia de la Pmanguito fuera de los límites normales fue del 76%. Se detectó el escape de aire en la medida inicial de nueve pacientes, entre los cuales cuatro tuvieron una medición dentro de los valores de referencia. Los otros cinco tenían una Pmanguito<20cmH2O. En el ajuste por la técnica de VMO, todos los pacientes tuvieron Pmanguito al límite de los valores normales. Los pacientes que no habían presentado escape de aire con Pmanguito>30cmH2O tuvieron una reducción cuando hubo un ajuste del VMO (45,4±9,6 vs 28,5±1,6cmH2O; p<0,001). Se concluye que la técnica de VMO fue capaz de individualizar la Pmanguito dentro de los valores de referencia en todos los pacientes.

ABSTRACT The ideal cuff pressure (Pcuff) must prevent microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions due to air leakage and avoid injury to the tracheal mucosa. Usually, monitoring consists of a manometer to keep the Pcuff between 20 and 30cmH2O. The minimal occlusive volume (MOV) method minimally inflates the cuff using a syringe so that no leakage occurs. This study aims to evaluate the ability of the minimal occlusive method to individualize the Pcuff adjustment in mechanically ventilated patients. Cross-sectional prospective study with 25 adult patients with more than 48 hours of mechanical ventilation. Cuff pressure was measured at two moments: initial and by MOV. The prevalence of Pcuff outside the normal range was 76%. Leakage in the initial measurement occurred in 9 patients, 4 of whom were within the reference values. The other 5 patients presented Pcuff<20cmH2O. In the adjustment by the MOV method, all patients presented Pcuff at the limit of normality. Patients without leakage with Pcuff>30cmH2O had a reduction when adjusted for MOV (45.4±9.6 against 28.5±1.6cmH2O; p<0.001). We can conclude that the minimal occlusive volume method was able to individualize the Pcuff within the reference values in all patients.

Manejo anestésico de una gestante con síndrome de Morquio / Anesthetic Management for a pregnant woman with Morquio syndrome Sobre los autores:

Introducción: El síndrome de Morquio es una enfermedad hereditaria autosómica recesiva con distintos grados de afectación al metabolismo de los glúcidos, lo que genera incapacidad para romper los enlaces de las cadenas largas de glucosamiglicanos, esto provoca acumulación de mucopolisacáridos en distintos tejidos del cuerpo humano. Objetivo: Describir el manejo anestésico de una gestante con síndrome de Morquio. Presentación del caso: Gestante primigesta de 30 años de edad, de raza negra, de 103 cm de estatura y 33 Kg de peso. Acude a consulta preoperatoria por presentar embarazo a término, baja talla y se realizó interrupción del embarazo por vía alta. Se procede a la valoración preanestésica donde se recoge antecedentes de enfermedad genética e ingreso previo por presentar cifras elevadas de tensión arterial. La paciente padecía de alergia a la dipirona. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis tienen una alta incidencia de dificultad para la ventilación y la intubación endotraqueal asociada con insuficiencia cardiopulmonar. La afectación de la columna presenta dificultades adicionales para los anestesiólogos. Cualquier cirugía electiva requiere una evaluación preoperatoria de los factores de riesgo anestesiológicos y la disponibilidad de un espectro de equipos para el manejo de las vías respiratorias. La anestesia debe ser realizada por un equipo con experiencia en el manejo de la vía aérea(AU)

Introduction: Morquio syndrome is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease that affects, to different extents, carbohydrate metabolism, which obstructs the ability to break bonds of long chains of glycosaminoglycans, causing mucopolysaccharides accumulation in different tissues of the human body. Objective: To describe the anesthetic management of a pregnant woman with Morquio syndrome. Case presentation: This is the case of a 30-year-old primigravid pregnant woman, of black skin, 103 cm of height and 33 kg of weight. She came for preoperative consultation because she was pregnant at term and had low body size; the pregnancy was terminated through the abdominal route. A preanesthetic assessment was performed, which permitted to observe a history of genetic disease and previous admission for high blood pressure. The patient was allergic to dipyrone. Conclusions: Among patients with mucopolysaccharidosis, there is a high incidence of difficulty for ventilation and endotracheal intubation associated with cardiopulmonary insufficiency. Spinal involvement represents additional difficulties for anesthesiologists. Any elective surgery requires preoperative assessment of anesthesiologic risk factors and the availability of a spectrum of airway management equipment. Anesthetic managment should be performed by a team experienced in airway management(AU)

Airway management of COVID-19 patients: A survey on the experience of 1125 physicians in Spain.

BACKGROUND: We explored the experience of clinicians from the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology (SEDAR) in airway management of COVID-19 patients. METHODS: An software-based survey including a 32-item questionnaire was conducted from April 18 to May 17, 2020. Participants who have been involved in tracheal intubations in patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection were included anonymously after obtaining their informed consent. The primary outcome was the preferred airway device for tracheal intubation. Secondary outcomes included the variations in clinical practice including the preferred video laryngoscope, plans for difficult airway management, and personal protective equipment. RESULTS: 1125 physicians completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 40,9%. Most participants worked in public hospitals and were anesthesiologists. The preferred device for intubation was the video laryngoscope (5.1/6), with the type of device in decreasing order as follows: Glidescope, C-MAC, Airtraq, McGrath and King Vision. The most frequently used device for intubation was the video laryngoscope (70,5%), using them in descending order as follow: the Airtraq, C-MAC, Glidescope, McGrath and King Vision. Discomfort of intubating wearing personal protective equipment and the frequency of breaching a security step was statistically significant, increasing the risk of cross infection between patients and healthcare workers. The opinion of senior doctors differed from younger physicians in the type of video-laryngoscope used, the number of experts involved in tracheal intubation and the reason that caused more stress during the airway management. CONCLUSIONS: Most physicians preferred using a video-laryngoscope with remote monitor and disposable Macintosh blade, using the Frova guide.

Edema pulmonar posobstructivo en niños: ¿por qué debería pensarlo el otorrinolaringólogo? / Post obstructive pulmonary edema in children: Why should the otolaryngologist think about it?

Introducción: el edema pulmonar posobstructivo (EPPO), o por presión negativa, es una entidad potencialmente mortal, que se desarrolla inmediatamente luego de una obstrucción severa de la vía aérea superior. Materiales y métodos: descripción de una serie de 4 casos de EPPO ocurridos en niños, 3 de ellos secundarios a aspiración de un cuerpo extraño y el otro como complicación de una adenoamigdalectomía. Discusión: la causa más frecuente de la obstrucción de la vía aérea es el laringoespasmo asociado con la manipulación de la vía aérea durante la intubación o las intervenciones quirúrgicas de la vía aérea. Tanto la adenoamigdalectomía, como la extracción de cuerpos extraños en la vía aérea constituyen unas de las intervenciones más frecuentes de la práctica otorrinolaringológica para el tratamiento de la obstrucción de la vía aérea; sin embargo, puede potencialmente desarrollar EPPO. Conclusión: Destacamos la importancia de que el otorrinolaringólogo tenga presente esta afección en niños que presentan dificultad respiratoria tras cualquier obstrucción o intervención quirúrgica de la vía aérea.si bien los cuerpos extraños en la vía aérea en niños suelen presentarse con crisis de asfixia, tos paroxística o dificultad respiratoria luego del evento, también debería pensarse la posibilidad de un evento de aspiración de un cuerpo extraño no presenciado ante un cuadro de edema pulmonar sin causa conocida. Si bien la adenoamigdalectomía es una de las cirugías más frecuente en la práctica otorrinolaringológica, esta potencialmente puede complicarse con EPPO.

Introduction: Post-obstructive pulmonary edema (POPE) or by Negative Pressure, is a potentially fatal entity that develops immediately after a severe obstruction of the upper airway. Materials and methods: Description of a series of four cases of POPE in children, three of them secondary to foreign body aspiration and the remaining one as a complication of adenotonsillectomy. Discussion: The most common etiology of airway obstruction is laryngospasm associated to airway manipulation during intubation or airway surgery. Both adenotonsillectomy and removal of foreign bodies in the airway are one of the most common procedures in otorhinolaryngology practice for management of airway obstruction, however, they can potentially develop EPPO. Conclusion: Although airway foreign bodies in children usually present with sudden episode of choking, paroxysmal cough and/or respiratory distress, the likelihood of an unwitnessed foreign body aspiration event in the presence of unexplained pulmonary edema should also be considered. Although adenotonsillectomy is one of the most common surgeries in ENT practice, it can potentially be complicated by EPPO. We emphasize the importance of the otorhinolaryngologist keeping this condition in mind in children who present respiratory distress after any obstruction or surgical intervention of the airway.

Factores asociados a mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes adultos mayores con asistencia ventilatoria mecánica invasiva en el servicio de urgencias / In-hospital mortality associated factors in elderly patients with invasive mechanical ventilation in the emergency department

Objetivos Identificar los factores asociados a mortalidad intrahospitalaria, estimar la tasa de intubación y describir la mortalidad intrahospitalaria de mayores de 65 años que requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) en el servicio de urgencias. Métodos Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva con pacientes mayores de 65 años, intubados en la central de emergencias del adulto entre 2016 y 2018 en un hospital de alta complejidad. Se consignaron datos demográficos, comorbilidades y scores de severidad al ingreso. Se realizaron análisis bivariado y multivariado con regresión logística en relación a mortalidad hospitalaria y posibles confundidores. Resultados Un total de 285 pacientes con media de 80 años requirieron VMI en urgencias durante una mediana de 3 días, y con media de 20 puntos de severidad según APACHE II. La tasa de VMI resultó 0,48% (IC95% 0,43-0,54), y 55,44% (158) fallecieron. Los factores asociados a mortalidad tras el ajuste por edad y sexo fueron: accidente cerebrovascular (OR 2,13; IC95%1,21-3,76), insuficiencia renal crónica (OR 4,38; IC95%1,91-10,04), índice de Charlson (OR 1,19; IC95%1,02-1,38), APACHE II (OR 1,07; IC95%1,02-1,12) y SOFA (OR 1,14; IC95%1,03-1,27). Discusión Nuestra tasa de VMI fue inferior a la declarada por Johnson et al. en Estados Unidos en 2018 (0,59%). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria de nuestro estudio superó la predicha por el score de APACHE II (40%) y de SOFA (33%), sin embargo fue consistente con la reportada por Lieberman et al. en Israel y Esteban et al. en Estados Unidos. Conclusiones Si bien la tasa de requerimiento de VMI en el servicio de emergencias fue baja, más de la mitad fallecieron durante su hospitalización. Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares y renales preexistentes y los altos puntajes en el índice de comorbilidades y en los scores de gravedad al ingreso fueron predictores independientes para mortalidad intrahospitalaria. (AU)

Aims To identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality, to estimate the intubation rate and to describe in-hospital mortality in patients over 65 years old with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in the emergency department (ED). Methods Retrospective cohort study of patients over 65 years old, who were intubated in an ED of a high complexity hospital between 2016 and 2018. Demographic data, comorbidities, and severity scores on admission were described. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed with logistic regression according to mortality and possible confounders. Results A total of 285 patients with a mean age of 80 years required IMV in the emergency department, for a median of 3 days, and with a mean APACHE II score of 20 points of severity. The IMV rate was .48% (95% CI .43-.54), and 55.44% (158) died. Mortality-associated factors after age and sex adjustment were stroke (OR 2.13; 95%CI 1.21-3.76), chronic kidney failure, (OR 4.,38; 95%CI 1.91-10.04), Charlson index (OR 1.19; 95%CI 1.02-1.38), APACHE II score (OR 1.07; 95%CI 1.02-1.12), and SOFA score (OR 1.14; 95%CI 1.03-1.27). Discussion Our IMV rate was lower than that stated by Johnson et al. in the United States in 2018 (.59%). In-hospital mortality in our study exceeded that predicted by the APACHE II score (40%) and SOFA (33%). However it was consistent with that reported by Lieberman et al. in Israel and Esteban et al. in the United States. Conclusions Although the IMV rate was low in the ED, more than half the patients died during hospitalization. Pre-existing cerebrovascular and renal diseases and high results in the comorbidities index and severity scores on admission were independent factors associated with in-hospital mortality. (AU)